Policy Evaluation and Seeking for Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning via Best Response

TL;DR

This paper proposes new metrics based on sink equilibrium for evaluating and ranking policies in multi-agent reinforcement learning, effectively handling cyclical behaviors and opponent non-stationarity.

Contribution

It introduces cycle-based and memory-based metrics grounded in sink equilibrium, and develops perturbed strict best response dynamics for policy evaluation in multi-agent RL.

Findings

Metrics can distinguish optimal policies in stochastic games.

Perturbed SBRD converges to policies with maximum metrics.

Approach handles cyclical and non-stationary behaviors effectively.

Abstract

This paper introduces two metrics (cycle-based and memory-based metrics), grounded on a dynamical game-theoretic solution concept called sink equilibrium, for the evaluation, ranking, and computation of policies in multi-agent learning. We adopt strict best response dynamics (SBRD) to model selfish behaviors at a meta-level for multi-agent reinforcement learning. Our approach can deal with dynamical cyclical behaviors (unlike approaches based on Nash equilibria and Elo ratings), and is more compatible with single-agent reinforcement learning than alpha-rank which relies on weakly better responses. We first consider settings where the difference between largest and second largest underlying metric has a known lower bound. With this knowledge we propose a class of perturbed SBRD with the following property: only policies with maximum metric are observed with nonzero probability for a broad class of stochastic games with finite memory. We then consider settings where the lower bound for the difference is unknown. For this setting, we propose a class of perturbed SBRD such that the metrics of the policies observed with nonzero probability differ from the optimal by any given tolerance. The proposed perturbed SBRD addresses the opponent-induced non-stationarity by fixing the strategies of others for the learning agent, and uses empirical game-theoretic analysis to estimate payoffs for each strategy profile obtained due to the perturbation.