When Algorithms for Maximal Independent Set and Maximal Matching Run in Sublinear-Time

TL;DR

This paper investigates the runtime of algorithms for maximal independent set and maximal matching, revealing that their efficiency depends on the neighborhood independence number, and establishes both upper bounds and lower bounds related to this parameter.

Contribution

The authors identify the neighborhood independence number as key to sublinear algorithms for MIS and MM, providing new algorithms and matching lower bounds.

Findings

MIS algorithm runs in O(nβ(G)) time

MM algorithm runs in O(n log n β(G)) time

Deterministic MM algorithms require Ω(n^2) time

Abstract

Maximal independent set (MIS), maximal matching (MM), and $(\Delta+1)$-coloring in graphs of maximum degree $\Delta$ are among the most prominent algorithmic graph theory problems. They are all solvable by a simple linear-time greedy algorithm and up until very recently this constituted the state-of-the-art. In SODA 2019, Assadi, Chen, and Khanna gave a randomized algorithm for $(\Delta+1)$-coloring that runs in $\widetilde{O}(n\sqrt{n})$ time, which even for moderately dense graphs is sublinear in the input size. The work of Assadi et al. however contained a spoiler for MIS and MM: neither problems provably admits a sublinear-time algorithm in general graphs. In this work, we dig deeper into the possibility of achieving sublinear-time algorithms for MIS and MM. The neighborhood independence number of a graph $G$, denoted by $\beta(G)$, is the size of the largest independent set in the neighborhood of any vertex. We identify $\beta(G)$ as the ``right'' parameter to measure the runtime of MIS and MM algorithms: Although graphs of bounded neighborhood independence may be very dense (clique is one example), we prove that carefully chosen variants of greedy algorithms for MIS and MM run in $O(n\beta(G))$ and $O(n\log{n}\cdot\beta(G))$ time respectively on any $n$-vertex graph $G$. We complement this positive result by observing that a simple extension of the lower bound of Assadi et.al. implies that $\Omega(n\beta(G))$ time is also necessary for any algorithm to either problem for all values of $\beta(G)$ from $1$ to $\Theta(n)$. We note that our algorithm for MIS is deterministic while for MM we use randomization which we prove is unavoidable: any deterministic algorithm for MM requires $\Omega(n^2)$ time even for $\beta(G) = 2$.