How to Avoid Being Eaten by a Grue: Structured Exploration Strategies for Textual Worlds

TL;DR

This paper presents Q*BERT and MC!Q*BERT, innovative agents that utilize knowledge graphs and intrinsic motivation to improve exploration and overcome bottlenecks in text-based games, achieving state-of-the-art results including passing the Grue in Zork.

Contribution

Introduction of Q*BERT and MC!Q*BERT agents that enhance exploration in text games through knowledge graphs and intrinsic motivation, surpassing previous methods.

Findings

Outperforms state-of-the-art on nine text games

First agent to pass the Grue in Zork

Demonstrates effectiveness of knowledge-graph-based exploration

Abstract

Text-based games are long puzzles or quests, characterized by a sequence of sparse and potentially deceptive rewards. They provide an ideal platform to develop agents that perceive and act upon the world using a combinatorially sized natural language state-action space. Standard Reinforcement Learning agents are poorly equipped to effectively explore such spaces and often struggle to overcome bottlenecks---states that agents are unable to pass through simply because they do not see the right action sequence enough times to be sufficiently reinforced. We introduce Q*BERT, an agent that learns to build a knowledge graph of the world by answering questions, which leads to greater sample efficiency. To overcome bottlenecks, we further introduce MC!Q*BERT an agent that uses an knowledge-graph-based intrinsic motivation to detect bottlenecks and a novel exploration strategy to efficiently learn a chain of policy modules to overcome them. We present an ablation study and results demonstrating how our method outperforms the current state-of-the-art on nine text games, including the popular game, Zork, where, for the first time, a learning agent gets past the bottleneck where the player is eaten by a Grue.