Astrochemistry During the Formation of Stars

TL;DR

This review discusses recent advances in observing and understanding the complex organic chemistry in star-forming regions, highlighting the role of new observational tools like ALMA and the implications for planetary system formation.

Contribution

It synthesizes recent observational data, laboratory experiments, and chemical models to deepen understanding of astrochemistry during star formation, emphasizing the physical evolution's impact on chemical signatures.

Findings

ALMA enables detailed study of complex molecules at Solar System scales.

Chemical compositions are similar across different star-forming environments.

Isotopolog studies link interstellar chemistry to Solar System measurements.

Abstract

Star-forming regions show a rich and varied chemistry, including the presence of complex organic molecules - both in the cold gas distributed on large scales, and in the hot regions close to young stars where protoplanetary disks arise. Recent advances in observational techniques have opened new possibilities for studying this chemistry. In particular, the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has made it possible to study astrochemistry down to Solar System size scales, while also revealing molecules of increasing variety and complexity. In this review, we discuss recent observations of the chemistry of star-forming environments, with a particular focus on complex organic molecules, taking context from the laboratory experiments and chemical models that they have stimulated. The key takeaway points are: The physical evolution of individual sources plays a crucial role in their inferred chemical signatures, and remains an important area for observations and models to elucidate. Comparisons of the abundances measured toward different star-forming environments (high-mass versus low-mass, Galactic center versus Galactic disk) reveal a remarkable similarity, an indication that the underlying chemistry is relatively independent of variations in their physical conditions. Studies of molecular isotopologs in star-forming regions provide a link with measurements in our own Solar System, and thus may shed light on the chemical similarities and differences expected in other planetary systems.