Observation of a strongly ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensate

TL;DR

This paper reports the first observation of strongly ferromagnetic spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of $^7$Li atoms, measuring spin interaction energies, scattering lengths, and demonstrating spin dynamics and collective modes.

Contribution

It provides the first experimental measurement of ferromagnetic spin interactions and scattering lengths in $^7$Li spinor BECs, without using Feshbach resonances.

Findings

Measured ferromagnetic spin interaction energy and scattering length differences.

Observed a radial monopole mode after a spin-flip transition.

Estimated scattering length ratio and individual scattering lengths.

Abstract

We report the observation of strongly ferromagnetic $F=1$ spinor Bose-Einstein condensates of $^7$Li atoms. The condensates are generated in an optical dipole trap without using magnetic Feshbach resonances, so that the condensates have internal spin degrees of freedom. Studying the non-equilibrium spin dynamics, we have measured the ferromagnetic spin interaction energy and determined the $s$-wave scattering length difference among total spin $f$ channels to be $a_{f=2}-a_{f=0} =-18(3)$ Bohr radius. This strong collision-channel dependence leads to a large variation in the condensate size with different spin composition. We were able to excite a radial monopole mode after a spin-flip transition between the $|m_F=0\rangle$ and $|m_F=1\rangle$ spin states. From the experiments, we estimated the scattering length ratio $a_{f=2}/a_{f=0}=0.27(6)$, and determined $a_{f=2}$ = 7(2) and $a_{f=0}$ = 25(5) Bohr radii, respectively. The results indicate the spin-dependent interaction energy of our system is as large as 46$\%$ of the condensate chemical potential.