Microscopic derivation of the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation for quantum droplets in binary Bose mixtures

TL;DR

This paper microscopically derives an extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation for quantum droplets in Bose mixtures, emphasizing the importance of pairing fields and providing a foundation for understanding their excitations.

Contribution

It provides a microscopic derivation of the extended Gross-Pitaevskii equation including pairing fields, clarifying their roles in quantum droplets.

Findings

Inclusion of pairing fields is essential for consistent droplet description.

Derived Bogoliubov equations reveal collective excitations and modes.

The work offers a theoretical basis for analyzing ultradilute quantum droplets.

Abstract

An ultradilute quantum droplet is a self-bound liquid-like state recently observed in ultracold Bose-Einstein condensates. In all previous theoretical studies, it is described by a phenomenological low-energy effective theory, termed as the extended Gross\textendash Pitaevskii equation. Here, we microscopically derive the Gross\textendash Pitaevskii equation for the condensate and also for a pairing field in an inhomogeneous quantum droplet realized by Bose-Bose mixtures with attractive inter-species interaction. We show that the inclusion of the pairing field is essential, in order to have a consistent description of the droplet state. We clarify that, the extended Gross\textendash Pitaevskii equation used earlier should be understood as the equation of motion for the pairing field, rather than the condensate. The fluctuations of the pairing field give rise to low-energy collective excitations of the droplet. We also present the Bogoliubov equations for gapless phonon modes and gapped modes due to pairing in real space, which characterizes single-particle-like excitations of the droplet. The equations of motion derived in this work for the condensate and the pairing field serve an ideal starting point to understand the structure and collective excitations of non-uniform ultradilute quantum droplets in on-going cold-atom experiments.