Cavity probe for real-time detection of atom dynamics in an optical lattice

TL;DR

This paper introduces a real-time cavity QED measurement technique that detects atom dynamics in optical lattices with high sensitivity, enabling non-destructive monitoring of atomic behavior over many lattice sites.

Contribution

The authors demonstrate a novel cavity probe method that allows sub-wavelength, real-time detection of atom distributions in optical lattices, independent of lattice site position.

Findings

Measured atom temperature in 20-70 μK range within 10 μs

Achieved detection of atom expansion of about 100 nm

Enabled non-destructive monitoring of atom dynamics

Abstract

We propose and demonstrate real-time sub-wavelength cavity QED measurements of the spatial distribution of atoms in an optical lattice. Atoms initially confined in one "trap" standing wave of an optical cavity mode are probed with a second "probe" standing wave. With frequencies offset by one free spectral range, the nodes of the trap fall on the anti-nodes of the probe in the ${\approx}$10$^4$ lattice sites around the center of the cavity. This lattice site independent atom-cavity coupling enables high sensitivity detection of atom dynamics even with atoms spread over many lattice sites. To demonstrate, we measure the temperature of 20-70 $\mu$K atom ensembles in ${<}$10 $\mu$s by monitoring their expansion of ${\approx}$100 nm after sudden release from the trap lattice. Atom-cavity coupling imprints the atom dynamics on the probe transmission. The new technique will enable improved non-destructive detection of Bloch oscillations and other atom dynamics in optical lattices.