Frozen Mode in Three-Way Periodic Microstrip Coupled Waveguide

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates the existence of a stationary frozen mode at a third order exceptional point in a three-way periodic microstrip waveguide, combining theoretical, simulation, and experimental analysis.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of a stationary inflection point in a reciprocal three-way microstrip waveguide, showing how three modes coalesce to form a frozen mode with zero group velocity.

Findings

Observation of the frozen mode regime via dispersion diagrams

Full-wave simulations confirm mode coalescence

Experimental measurements show mode coalescence with losses at 2 GHz

Abstract

We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that a periodic three-way microstrip coupled waveguide exhibits a stationary inflection point (SIP). The SIP is a third order exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) where three eigenmodes of the guiding system coalesce to form a stationary frozen mode with zero group velocity. Here the frozen mode is shown in a reciprocal waveguide; therefore three coupled waveguides (called three-way waveguide) are required, supporting three modes in each direction. We illustrate the occurrence of the frozen mode regime by observing the dispersion diagram and by using the concept of coalescence parameter that is a measure of the separation of the three coalescing eigenvectors (polarization states). Results based on full-wave simulations and measurements demonstrate the coalescence of three modes and how this coalescence is not perfect due to the presence of losses in the microstrip structure at 2 GHz. The coalescence parameter is used to determine how close the three-way system is to the ideal frozen mode condition.