Narrow-Band Signal Localization for SETI on Noisy Synthetic Spectrogram Data

TL;DR

This paper develops a CNN-based method for localizing narrow-band signals in synthetic spectrogram data, improving detection of multiple signals including dim ones amidst noise, relevant for SETI signal analysis.

Contribution

It introduces a residual CNN architecture with multiple input normalizations that outperforms simpler models in localizing signals in synthetic SETI data.

Findings

Residual CNN reduces localization error by at least 3x at high SNR.

Multiple input normalizations improve model performance.

CNNs show promise for crowded signal detection in noisy spectrograms.

Abstract

As it stands today, the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI) is highly dependent on our ability to detect interesting candidate signals, or technosignatures, in radio telescope observations and distinguish these from human radio frequency interference (RFI). Current signal search pipelines look for signals in spectrograms of intensity as a function of time and frequency (which can be thought of as images), but tend to do poorly in identifying multiple signals in a single data frame. This is especially apparent when there are dim signals in the same frame as bright, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) signals. In this work, we approach this problem using convolutional neural networks (CNN) as a computationally efficient method for localizing signals in synthetic observations resembling data collected by Breakthrough Listen using the Green Bank Telescope. We generate two synthetic datasets, the first with exactly one signal at various SNR levels and the second with exactly two signals, one of which represents RFI. We find that a residual CNN with strided convolutions and using multiple image normalizations as input outperforms a more basic CNN with max pooling trained on inputs with only one normalization. Training each model on a smaller subset of the training data at higher SNR levels results in a significant increase in model performance, reducing root mean square errors by at least a factor of 3 at an SNR of 25 dB. Although each model produces outliers with significant error, these results demonstrate that using CNNs to analyze signal location is promising, especially in image frames that are crowded with multiple signals.