The dark universe future and singularities: the account of thermal and quantum effects

TL;DR

This paper investigates how thermal and quantum effects influence the future evolution of a dark universe, showing that thermal effects can induce transitions to specific singularities, with quantum effects potentially removing singularities.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of how thermal and quantum effects alter the types and behaviors of future singularities in dark universe models.

Findings

Thermal effects can cause transitions to Type II singularities.

Quantum effects may remove future singularities.

Dominance of quantum or thermal effects determines the universe's final state.

Abstract

The knowledge of the universe future is of fundamental importance for any advanced civilization. We study the future of singular dark universe where thermal effects due to the Hawking radiation on the apparent horizon of the FRW universe are taken in consideration. It is shown that dark universe which ends up at finite-time Type I and Type III singularity or infinite-time Little Rip singularity transits to finite-time Type II singularity due to account of thermal effects. On the same time, the Type II and IV singular universe does not change its qualitative behavior. The combined account of quantum and thermal effects shows that depending on specific features of the universe only one of effects is dominant. When (conformal matter) quantum effects are dominant, the future singularity is usually removed while for dominant thermal effects the universe final state is the Type II singularity.