Brachistochronous motion of a flat plate parallel to its surface immersed in a fluid

TL;DR

This paper finds the minimum time to move a submerged flat plate parallel to its surface in a viscous fluid, using an adjoint-based optimization and a spectral condition to ensure global optimality.

Contribution

It introduces a spectral condition for verifying global optimality in fluid-structure motion optimization problems with quadratic PDE constraints.

Findings

Optimal motion starts and ends with speed proportional to t^{1/4}

The optimal trajectory includes startup, cruising, and stopping phases

The spectral condition applies to other quadratic PDE-constrained optimizations

Abstract

We determine the globally minimum time $T$ needed to translate a thin submerged flat plate a given distance parallel to its surface within a work budget. The Reynolds number for the flow is assumed to be large so that the drag on the plate arises from skin friction in a thin viscous boundary layer. The minimum is determined using a steepest descent, where an adjoint formulation is used to compute the gradients. Because the equations governing fluid mechanics for this problem are nonlinear, multiple local minima could exist. Exploiting the quadratic nature of the objective function and the constraining differential equations, we derive and apply a "spectral condition" to show that the converged local optimum to be a global one. The condition states that the optimum is global if the Hessian of the Lagrangian in the state variables constructed using the converged adjoint field is positive semi-definite at every instance. The globally optimum kinematics of the plate starts from rest with speed $\propto t^{1/4}$ and comes to rest with speed $\propto (T-t)^{1/4}$ as a function of time $t$. For distances much longer than the plate, the work-minimizing kinematics consists of an optimum startup, a constant-speed cruising, and an optimum stopping. The spectral condition can also be used for optimization problems constrained by other quadratic partial differential equations.