Dynamical Evidence For a Fifth Force Explanation of the ATOMKI Nuclear Anomalies

TL;DR

This paper investigates whether a proposed fifth force, mediated by a 17 MeV boson, can dynamically explain anomalies in nuclear decays of beryllium and helium, supporting the existence of a new particle through nuclear decay rate analysis.

Contribution

It provides a dynamical analysis showing that a protophobic vector boson can explain multiple nuclear decay anomalies simultaneously.

Findings

Scalar interactions are excluded by data.

Pseudoscalar interactions are highly disfavored.

Protophobic vector boson explains both anomalies within uncertainties.

Abstract

Recent anomalies in $^8$Be and $^4$He nuclear decays can be explained by postulating a fifth force mediated by a new boson $X$. The distributions of both transitions are consistent with the same $X$ mass, 17 MeV, providing kinematic evidence for a single new particle explanation. In this work, we examine whether the new results also provide dynamical evidence for a new particle explanation, that is, whether the observed decay rates of both anomalies can be described by a single hypothesis for the $X$ boson's interactions. We consider the observed $^8$Be and $^4$He excited nuclei, as well as a $^{12}$C excited nucleus; together these span the possible $J^P$ quantum numbers up to spin 1. For each transition, we determine whether scalar, pseudoscalar, vector, or axial vector $X$ particles can mediate the decay, and we construct the leading operators in a nuclear physics effective field theory that describes them. Assuming parity conservation, the scalar case is excluded and the pseudoscalar case is highly disfavored. Remarkably, however, the protophobic vector gauge boson, first proposed to explain only the $^8$Be anomaly, also explains the $^4$He anomaly within experimental uncertainties. We predict signal rates for other closely related nuclear measurements, which, if confirmed, will provide overwhelming evidence that a fifth force has been discovered.