The X-ray reactivation of the radio bursting magnetar SGR 1935+2154

TL;DR

This study monitors the X-ray activity of magnetar SGR 1935+2154 during its 2020 reactivation, revealing variable pulsations, spectral changes, and multiple X-ray bursts, linking magnetar activity to fast radio bursts.

Contribution

First detailed X-ray monitoring of SGR 1935+2154 during its reactivation, showing spectral evolution, pulse profile variability, and burst properties, enhancing understanding of magnetar outbursts.

Findings

X-ray luminosity increased rapidly during reactivation.

Pulse profile varied between single and double peaks.

Multiple short X-ray bursts were detected.

Abstract

A few years after its discovery as a magnetar, SGR J1935+2154 started a new burst-active phase on 2020 April 27, accompanied by a large enhancement of its X-ray persistent emission. Radio single bursts were detected during this activation, strengthening the connection between magnetars and fast radio bursts. We report on the X-ray monitoring of SGR J1935+2154 from ~3 days prior to ~3 weeks after its reactivation, using Swift, NuSTAR, and NICER. We detected X-ray pulsations in the NICER and NuSTAR observations, and constrained the spin period derivative to |Pdot| < 3e-11 s/s (3 sigma c.l.). The pulse profile showed a variable shape switching between single and double-peaked as a function of time and energy. The pulsed fraction decreased from ~34% to ~11% (5-10 keV) over ~10 days. The X-ray spectrum was well fit by an absorbed blackbody model with temperature decreasing from kT ~ 1.6 to 0.45-0.6 keV, plus a non-thermal component (Gamma ~ 1.2) observed up to ~25 keV with NuSTAR. The 0.3-10 keV X-ray luminosity (at 6.6 kpc) increased in less than four days from ~ 6e33 erg/s to about 3e35 erg/s and then decreased again to 2.5e34 erg/s over the following three weeks of the outburst. We also detected several X-ray bursts, with properties typical of short magnetar bursts.