Three-dimensional isometric tensor networks

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method for simulating three-dimensional quantum many-body systems using isometric tensor networks, enabling efficient contraction and accurate ground state approximations across different phases.

Contribution

It presents a new tetrahedral site-splitting technique for 3D isometric tensor networks that simplifies contraction and allows systematic ground state studies.

Findings

Accurate energy calculations deep in ferromagnetic and polarized phases.

Near critical points, larger bond dimensions improve accuracy.

Method compares favorably with exact and Monte Carlo results.

Abstract

Tensor network states are expected to be good representations of a large class of interesting quantum many-body wave functions. In higher dimensions, their utility is however severely limited by the difficulty of contracting the tensor network, an operation needed to calculate quantum expectation values. Here we introduce a method for the time-evolution of three-dimensional isometric tensor networks which respects the isometric structure and therefore renders contraction simple through a special canonical form. Our method involves a tetrahedral site-splitting which allows to move the orthogonality center of an embedded tree tensor network in a simple cubic lattice to any position. Using imaginary time-evolution to find an isometric tensor network representation of the ground state of the 3D transverse field Ising model across the entire phase diagram, we perform a systematic benchmark study of this method in comparison with exact Lanczos and quantum Monte Carlo results. We show that the obtained energy matches the exact groundstate result accurately deep in the ferromagnetic and polarized phases, while the regime close to the critical point requires larger bond dimensions. This behavior is in close analogy with the two-dimensional case, which we also discuss for comparison.