Infrared Dark Clouds and high-mass star formation activity in Galactic Molecular Clouds

TL;DR

This study investigates the relationship between infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) and high-mass star formation by analyzing their stellar content and physical properties in 12 Galactic molecular clouds, revealing that certain IRDCs meet criteria for forming massive stars.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of IRDCs associated with known YSOs, confirming the mass-size criterion's effectiveness and quantifying the probability of IRDCs forming high-mass stars.

Findings

All IRDCs with high-mass YSOs meet the mass-size criterion.

35% of IRDCs have a probability of forming massive stars.

20% of IRDCs are potential stellar cluster sites.

Abstract

Ever since their discovery, Infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are generally considered to be the sites just at the onset of high-mass (HM) star formation. In recent years, it has been realized that not all IRDCs harbour HM Young Stellar Objects (YSOs). Only those IRDCs satisfying a certain mass-size criterion, or equivalently above a certain threshold density, are found to contain HMYSOs. In all cases, IRDCs provide ideal conditions for the formation of stellar clusters. In this paper, we study the massive stellar content of IRDCs to re-address the relation between IRDCs and HM star formation. For this purpose, we have identified all IRDCs associated to a sample of 12 Galactic molecular clouds (MCs). The selected MCs have been the target of a systematic search for YSOs in an earlier study. The catalogued positions of YSOs have been used to search all YSOs embedded in each identified IRDC. In total, we have found 834 YSOs in 128 IRDCs. The sample of IRDCs have mean surface densities of 319 Mo/pc2, mean mass of 1062 Mo, and a mass function power-law slope -1.8, which are similar to the corresponding properties for the full sample of IRDCs and resulting physical properties in previous studies. We find that all those IRDCs containing at least one intermediate to high-mass young star satisfy the often-used mass-size criterion for forming HM stars. However, not all IRDCs satisfying the mass-size criterion contain HM stars. We find that the often used mass-size criterion corresponds to 35% probability of an IRDC forming a massive star. Twenty five (20%) of the IRDCs are potential sites of stellar clusters of mass more than 100 Mo.