Mind the Gap: On Bridging the Semantic Gap between Machine Learning and Information Security

TL;DR

This paper highlights the semantic gap between machine learning datasets and real-world cybersecurity needs, proposing behavioral labeling of malware data to improve ML's impact in InfoSec.

Contribution

It identifies the disconnect in data representations and introduces behavioral annotations to bridge the semantic gap for better ML application in cybersecurity.

Findings

Current datasets are primarily syntactic and not behavioral.

Datasets contain extreme exemplars that simplify class discrimination.

Behavioral labeling of malware datasets can enhance analysis and ML effectiveness.

Abstract

Despite the potential of Machine learning (ML) to learn the behavior of malware, detect novel malware samples, and significantly improve information security (InfoSec) we see few, if any, high-impact ML techniques in deployed systems, notwithstanding multiple reported successes in open literature. We hypothesize that the failure of ML in making high-impacts in InfoSec are rooted in a disconnect between the two communities as evidenced by a semantic gap---a difference in how executables are described (e.g. the data and features extracted from the data). Specifically, current datasets and representations used by ML are not suitable for learning the behaviors of an executable and differ significantly from those used by the InfoSec community. In this paper, we survey existing datasets used for classifying malware by ML algorithms and the features that are extracted from the data. We observe that: 1) the current set of extracted features are primarily syntactic, not behavioral, 2) datasets generally contain extreme exemplars producing a dataset in which it is easy to discriminate classes, and 3) the datasets provide significantly different representations of the data encountered in real-world systems. For ML to make more of an impact in the InfoSec community requires a change in the data (including the features and labels) that is used to bridge the current semantic gap. As a first step in enabling more behavioral analyses, we label existing malware datasets with behavioral features using open-source threat reports associated with malware families. This behavioral labeling alters the analysis from identifying intent (e.g. good vs bad) or malware family membership to an analysis of which behaviors are exhibited by an executable. We offer the annotations with the hope of inspiring future improvements in the data that will further bridge the semantic gap between the ML and InfoSec communities.