Quark and lepton flavors with common modulus $\tau$ in $A_4$ modular symmetry

TL;DR

This paper explores quark and lepton mass matrices using $A_4$ modular symmetry with a shared modulus $ au$, finding consistent mixing angles near $ au=i$ and predicting a minimal neutrino mass sum of 140 meV.

Contribution

It introduces a unified framework for quark and lepton masses with a common modulus $ au$ in $A_4$ symmetry, analyzing implications for CP violation and neutrino mass hierarchy.

Findings

CP violation arises from $ au$ deviating from $i$

Allowed $ au$ regions for quarks and leptons overlap

Minimal neutrino mass sum is 140 meV

Abstract

We study quark and lepton mass matrices with the common modulus $\tau$ in the $A_4$ modular symmetry. The viable quark mass matrices are composed of modular forms of weights $2$, $4$ and $6$. It is remarked that the modulus $\tau$ is close to $i$, which is a fixed point in the fundamental region of SL$(2,Z)$, and the CP symmetry is not violated. Indeed, the observed CP violation is reproduced at $\tau$ which is deviated a little bit from $\tau=i$. The charged lepton mass matrix is also given by using modular forms of weights $2$, $4$ and $6$, where five cases have been examined. The neutrino mass matrix is generated in terms of the modular forms of weight $4$ through the Weinberg operator. Lepton mass matrices are also consistent with the observed mixing angles at $\tau$ close to $i$ for NH of neutrino masses. Allowed regions of $\tau$ of quarks and leptons overlap each other for all cases of the charged lepton mass matrix. However, the sum of neutrino masses is crucial to test the common $\tau$ for quarks and leptons. The minimal sum of neutrino masses $\sum m_i$ is $140$meV at the common $\tau$. The inverted hierarchy of neutrino masses is unfavorable in our framework. It is emphasized that our result suggests the residual symmetry $\mathbb{Z}_2^{S}=\{ I, S \}$ in the quark and lepton mass matrices.