TiO$_2$ nanotubes with different spacing, Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration and their evaluation for Li-ion battery application

TL;DR

This study demonstrates that TiO$_2$ nanotubes with controlled spacing, decorated with $eta$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ nano-needles, significantly improve Li-ion battery performance by enhancing ion diffusion and electrolyte penetration, with spaced nanotubes outperforming close-packed ones.

Contribution

It introduces a novel approach of using organized TiO$_2$ nanotubes with regular spacing for uniform Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration, leading to enhanced battery performance compared to traditional close-packed nanotubes.

Findings

Spaced TiO$_2$ nanotubes allow uniform Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration.

Decorated spaced nanotubes show up to 8 times higher capacitance.

Spacing improves electrolyte penetration and ion diffusion.

Abstract

In present work, we report on the use of organized TiO$_2$ nanotube layers with a regular intertube spacing for the growth of highly defined $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ nano-needles in the interspace. These $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decorated TiO$_2$ NTs are then explored for Li-ion battery applications and compared to classic close-packed NTs that are both decorated with various amounts of nanoscale $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$. We show that nanotubes with tube-to-tube spacing allow a uniform decoration of individual nanotubes with regular arrangements of hematite nano-needles. The tube spacing also facilitates the electrolyte penetration as well as yields better ion diffusion. While bare close-packed NTs show higher capacitance, e.g., 71 $\mu$Ah cm-2 than bare spaced NTs with e.g., 54 $\mu$Ah cm-2, the hierarchical decoration with secondary metal oxide, $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$, remarkably enhances the Li-ion battery performance. Namely, spaced nanotubes with $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration have an areal capacitance of 477 $\mu$Ah cm-2, i.e., show up to nearly ~8 times higher capacitance. However, the areal capacitance of close-packed NTs with $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ decoration saturates at 208 $\mu$Ah cm-2, i.e., is limited to ~3 times increase.