Acoustic and Ultrasonographic Characterization of Neoprene, Beeswax, and Carbomer-Gel to Mimic Soft-tissue for Ultrasound

TL;DR

This study evaluates neoprene, beeswax, and Carbomer-gel as tissue-mimicking materials for ultrasound, finding Carbomer-gel closely matches soft tissue properties and could serve as a low-cost phantom for ultrasound calibration.

Contribution

The paper introduces Carbomer-gel as a new, effective, and easy-to-prepare soft-tissue mimicking material for ultrasound phantoms, with properties closely matching human liver tissue.

Findings

Carbomer-gel's acoustic properties closely match soft tissue.

Neoprene and beeswax were less suitable as tissue mimics.

Carbomer-gel can be used to develop low-cost ultrasound phantoms.

Abstract

Materials with acoustic quantities similar to soft-tissue are essential as tissue-mimicking materials for diagnostic ultrasound (US). Acoustic quantity consists of the sound velocity (cus), acoustic impedance (AI) and attenuation coefficient. In this work, the acoustic quantities of neoprene rubber, beeswax, and Carbomer-gel were determined. The cus and attenuation coefficient were estimated using the pulse-echo technique. The AI was calculated from the product of density and cus. Results were compared with a benchmark based on the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements Report-61, Tissue Substitutes, Phantoms and Computational Modelling in Medical Ultrasound. The acceptance criteria were 1.043 g/cm3 (density), 1561 m/s (cus), 1.63 MRayls (AI) and attenuation coefficients within 0.5-0.7 dB/cm/MHz. Computerized tomography (CT) and US images of specimens were obtained to compare with respective images of the human liver (a clinical soft-tissue), to evaluate the similarities in image contrast and echogenicity. Results of neoprene and beeswax were unsatisfactory.However, the acoustic quantities of Carbomer-gel (density 1.03 g/cm3, cus 1567 m/s, and AI 1.61 MRayls, and attenuation coefficient 0.6 dB/cm/MHz) were satisfactory within 2%. Carbomer-gel images could efficiently mimic the contrast and echogenicity of liver images. The uncertainties in cus measurements were 0.36 %, 0.11 % and 0.28 % for neoprene-50, beeswax and C-gel respectively. The attenuation coefficients had uncertainties 4.2 %, 1.9 %, and 2.6 % in these samples. The results of Carbomer-gel could resemble soft-tissue for US. It contains 95 % water, is effortless to prepare, and can support in developing a low-cost phantom for periodic performance evaluation of US scanners and contribute to patient care.