High-resolution, 3D radiative transfer modelling. II. The early-type spiral galaxy M81

TL;DR

This study develops a semi-automated 3D radiative transfer model of the galaxy M81, quantifying the contribution of young and old stars to dust heating and standardizing the modeling process for similar galaxies.

Contribution

It introduces a pipeline for constructing and optimizing 3D radiative transfer models, accounting for non-local dust heating effects, and applies it to M81.

Findings

Only 50.2% of dust heating is from young stars.

Confirmed correlation between star formation rate and dust heating fraction.

Realistic 3D model of M81's interstellar radiation field.

Abstract

Interstellar dust absorbs stellar light very efficiently and thus shapes the energetic output of galaxies. Studying the impact of different stellar populations on the dust heating remains hard because it requires decoupling the relative geometry of stars and dust, and involves complex processes as scattering and non-local dust heating. We aim to constrain the relative distribution of dust and stellar populations in the spiral galaxy M81 and create a realistic model of the radiation field that describes the observations. Investigating the dust-starlight interaction on local scales, we want to quantify the contribution of young and old stellar populations to the dust heating. We aim to standardise the setup and model selection of such inverse radiative transfer simulations so this can be used for comparable modelling of other nearby galaxies. We present a semi-automated radiative transfer modelling pipeline that implements the necessary steps such as the geometric model construction and the normalisation of the components through an optimisation routine. We use the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code SKIRT to calculate a self-consistent, panchromatic model of the interstellar radiation field. By looking at different stellar populations independently, we can quantify to what extent different stellar age populations contribute to the dust heating. Our method takes into account the effects of non-local heating. We obtain a realistic 3D radiative transfer model of the face-on galaxy M81. We find that only 50.2\% of the dust heating can be attributed to young stellar populations. We confirm a tight correlation between the specific star formation rate and the heating fraction by young stellar populations, both in sky projection and in 3D, also found for radiative transfer models of M31 and M51. We conclude that... (abridged)