Search via Parallel L\'evy Walks on $\mathbb{Z}^2$

TL;DR

This paper analyzes the efficiency of parallel Levy walks on a 2D grid for search problems, identifying an optimal exponent range and proposing a simple randomized strategy that achieves near-optimal search times.

Contribution

It introduces a novel analysis of the parallel hitting time for Levy walks, revealing the dependence of the optimal exponent on search parameters and proposing a randomized strategy for unknown settings.

Findings

Optimal exponent $oldsymbol{eta_{k,oldsymbol{ au}} ext{ in } (2,3)}$ minimizes hitting time.

Randomized exponent selection achieves near-optimal search efficiency.

Parallel Levy walks outperform fixed-exponent strategies in unknown parameter scenarios.

Abstract

Motivated by the L\'evy foraging hypothesis -- the premise that various animal species have adapted to follow L\'evy walks to optimize their search efficiency -- we study the parallel hitting time of L\'evy walks on the infinite two-dimensional grid. We consider $k$ independent discrete-time L\'evy walks, with the same exponent $\alpha \in(1,\infty)$, that start from the same node, and analyze the number of steps until the first walk visits a given target at distance $\ell$. We show that for any choice of $k$ and $\ell$ from a large range, there is a unique optimal exponent $\alpha_{k,\ell} \in (2,3)$, for which the hitting time is $\tilde O(\ell^2/k)$ w.h.p., while modifying the exponent by an $\epsilon$ term increases the hitting time by a polynomial factor, or the walks fail to hit the target almost surely. Based on that, we propose a surprisingly simple and effective parallel search strategy, for the setting where $k$ and $\ell$ are unknown: the exponent of each L\'evy walk is just chosen independently and uniformly at random from the interval $(2,3)$. This strategy achieves optimal search time (modulo polylogarithmic factors) among all possible algorithms (even centralized ones that know $k$). Our results should be contrasted with a line of previous work showing that the exponent $\alpha = 2$ is optimal for various search problems. In our setting of $k$ parallel walks, we show that the optimal exponent depends on $k$ and $\ell$, and that randomizing the choice of the exponents works simultaneously for all $k$ and $\ell$.