A classification of the dynamics of three-dimensional stochastic ecological systems

TL;DR

This paper classifies the long-term behavior of three-species stochastic ecological systems, showing that their dynamics are determined by a finite set of stationary distributions and Lyapunov exponents, supporting ecological coexistence theory.

Contribution

It proves a variant of Palis' conjecture for stochastic models, establishing a finite classification of long-term behaviors based on Lyapunov exponents.

Findings

Three types of long-term behavior are identified.

Classification reduces to computing Lyapunov exponents.

Results support and provide a foundation for modern coexistence theory.

Abstract

The classification of the long-term behavior of dynamical systems is a fundamental problem in mathematics. For both deterministic and stochastic dynamics specific classes of models verify Palis' conjecture: the long-term behavior is determined by a finite number of stationary distributions. In this paper we consider the classification problem for stochastic models of interacting species. For a large class of three-species, stochastic differential equation models, we prove a variant of Palis' conjecture: the long-term statistical behavior is determined by a finite number of stationary distributions and, generically, three general types of behavior are possible: 1) convergence to a unique stationary distribution that supports all species, 2) convergence to one of a finite number of stationary distributions supporting two or fewer species, 3) convergence to convex combinations of single species, stationary distributions due to a rock-paper-scissors type of dynamic. Moreover, we prove that the classification reduces to computing Lyapunov exponents (external Lyapunov exponents) that correspond to the average per-capita growth rate of species when rare. Our results stand in contrast to the deterministic setting where the classification is incomplete even for three-dimensional, competitive Lotka--Volterra systems. For these SDE models, our results also provide a rigorous foundation for ecology's modern coexistence theory (MCT) which assumes the external Lyapunov exponents determine long-term ecological outcomes.