Analytical and number-theoretical properties of the two-dimensional sigma function

TL;DR

This survey explores the properties of a two-dimensional sigma function associated with genus 2 algebraic curves, focusing on its analytic, algebraic, and number-theoretic aspects, including series expansions and heat equation characterizations.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive analysis of the sigma function for genus 2 curves, highlighting new results on its series coefficients and their number-theoretic properties derived from heat equations.

Findings

Series coefficients exhibit specific algebraic properties.

Heat equations determine the sigma function uniquely.

Number-theoretic properties of coefficients are established.

Abstract

This survey is devoted to the classical and modern problems related to the entire function ${\sigma({\bf u};\lambda)}$, defined by a family of nonsingular algebraic curves of genus $2$, where ${\bf u} = (u_1,u_3)$ and $\lambda = (\lambda_4, \lambda_6,\lambda_8,\lambda_{10})$. It is an analogue of the Weierstrass sigma function $\sigma(u;g_2,g_3)$ of a family of elliptic curves. Logarithmic derivatives of order 2 and higher of the function ${\sigma({\bf u};\lambda)}$ generate fields of hyperelliptic functions of ${\bf u} = (u_1,u_3)$ on the Jacobians of curves with a fixed parameter vector $\lambda$. We consider three Hurwitz series $\sigma({\bf u};\lambda)=\sum_{m,n\ge 0}a_{m,n}(\lambda)\frac{u_1^mu_3^n}{m!n!}$, $\sigma({\bf u};\lambda) = \sum_{k\ge 0}\xi_k(u_1;\lambda)\frac{u_3^k}{k!}$ and $\sigma({\bf u};\lambda) = \sum_{k\ge 0}\mu_k(u_3;\lambda)\frac{u_1^k}{k!}$. The survey is devoted to the number-theoretic properties of the functions $a_{m,n}(\lambda)$, $\xi_k(u_1;\lambda)$ and $\mu_k(u_3;\lambda)$. It includes the latest results, which proofs use the fundamental fact that the function ${\sigma ({\bf u};\lambda)}$ is determined by the system of four heat equations in a nonholonomic frame of six-dimensional space.