Viewport-Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach for 360$^o$ Video Caching

TL;DR

This paper presents a viewport-aware deep reinforcement learning caching scheme for 360° videos that improves cache efficiency and video quality by predicting popular viewports and optimizing cache placement using a DQN-based approach.

Contribution

It introduces the concept of virtual viewports for cache optimization and formulates the caching problem as an MDP solved with deep reinforcement learning, advancing proactive caching strategies for 360° videos.

Findings

Significant improvement in cache hit ratio and video quality.

Effective virtual viewport selection reduces cache dimensionality.

Proposed method outperforms traditional caching policies like LFU, LRU, FIFO.

Abstract

360$^o$ video is an essential component of VR/AR/MR systems that provides immersive experience to the users. However, 360$^o$ video is associated with high bandwidth requirements. The required bandwidth can be reduced by exploiting the fact that users are interested in viewing only a part of the video scene and that users request viewports that overlap with each other. Motivated by the findings of recent works where the benefits of caching video tiles at edge servers instead of caching entire 360$^o$ videos were shown, in this paper, we introduce the concept of virtual viewports that have the same number of tiles with the original viewports. The tiles forming these viewports are the most popular ones for each video and are determined by the users' requests. Then, we propose a proactive caching scheme that assumes unknown videos' and viewports' popularity. Our scheme determines which videos to cache as well as which is the optimal virtual viewport per video. Virtual viewports permit to lower the dimensionality of the cache optimization problem. To solve the problem, we first formulate the content placement of 360$^o$ videos in edge cache networks as a Markov Decision Process (MDP), and then we determine the optimal caching placement using the Deep Q-Network (DQN) algorithm. The proposed solution aims at maximizing the overall quality of the 360$^o$ videos delivered to the end-users by caching the most popular 360$^o$ videos at base quality along with a virtual viewport in high quality. We extensively evaluate the performance of the proposed system and compare it with that of known systems such as LFU, LRU, FIFO, over both synthetic and real 360$^o$ video traces. The results reveal the large benefits coming from proactive caching of virtual viewports instead of the original ones in terms of the overall quality of the rendered viewports, the cache hit ratio, and the servicing cost.