Extreme Space Weather Events Recorded in History

TL;DR

This paper reviews historical extreme space weather events, comparing the Carrington event with other storms using magnetic, sunspot, and auroral records from various periods.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive historical analysis of extreme space weather events, integrating multiple types of historical and telescopic observations.

Findings

Carrington event's intensity compared with other storms

Historical sunspot and auroral records extend understanding of past events

Identification of several candidate extreme storms in historical records

Abstract

This section shows an overview of a recent development of the studies on great space weather events in history. Its discussion starts from the Carrington event and compare its intensity with the extreme storms within the coverage of the regular magnetic measurements. Extending its analyses back beyond their onset, this section shows several case studies of extreme storms with sunspot records in the telescopic observations and candidate auroral records in historical records. Before the onset of telescopic observations, this section shows the chronological coverages of the records of unaided-eye sunspot and candidate aurorae and several case studies on their basis.