Concerns about ground based astronomical observations: a step to safeguard the astronomical sky

TL;DR

This paper discusses the impact of satellite constellations on ground-based astronomy, highlighting risks to observations and proposing strategies to mitigate these effects to protect the astronomical sky.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of how satellite deployments threaten astronomical observations and proposes specific actions for safeguarding the sky across different wavelengths.

Findings

Large satellite constellations will significantly increase sky brightness.

Satellite trails will impair large-area astronomical imaging.

Radio-astronomy is already affected by satellite signals.

Abstract

This article aims to highlight the impact for ground based astronomical observations in different windows of the electromagnetic spectrum coming from the deployment of fleets of telecommunications satellites. A particular attention is given to the problem of crowding of circumterrestrial space by medium/small size orbiting objects. Depending on their altitude and surface reflectivity, their contribution to the sky brightness is not negligible for professional ground based observations. With the huge amount of about 50,000 new artificial satellites for telecommunications planned to be launched in Medium and Low Earth Orbit, the mean density of artificial objects will be of >1 satellite for square sky degree; this will inevitably harm professional astronomical images leaving trails on them. Only one of these project, Starlink@SpaceX's, authorized by US Federal Communication Commission, plans to deploy about 42,000 not geostationary satellites, which will shine in sky after sunset and before sun dawn. Satellites will be observed in deep field images and particularly negative for scientific large area images used to search for Near Earth Objects, predicting and, eventually, avoiding possible impact events. Serious concerns are also common to other wavelengths eligible for ground based investigation, in particular for radio-astronomy, whose detectors are already saturated by the ubiquitous irradiation of satellites communication from Space stations as well as from the ground. The risk of running into the "Kessler syndrome" is also noteworthy. Understanding the risk for astronomical community, a set of actions are proposed in this paper to mitigate and contain the most dangerous effects arising from such changes in the population of small satellites. A dedicate strategy for urgent intervention to safeguard and protect each astronomical band observable from the ground is outlined.