Longitudinal magnetization dynamics in the quantum Ising ring: A Pfaffian method based on correspondence between momentum space and real space

TL;DR

This paper develops a Pfaffian-based method to analyze the real-time dynamics of longitudinal magnetization in the quantum Ising ring, clarifying the real-space and momentum-space correspondence and enabling efficient numerical studies of phenomena like discrete time crystals.

Contribution

It establishes the relationship between real-space ferromagnetic states and momentum-space ground states, and introduces a Pfaffian formula for dynamic magnetization calculations in the quantum Ising ring.

Findings

Derived a Pfaffian formula for real-time magnetization dynamics.

Clarified the real-space and momentum-space state correspondence.

Provided a numerical approach for studying time crystal emergence.

Abstract

As perhaps the most studied paradigm for a quantum phase transition, the periodic quantum Ising chain is exactly solvable via the Jordan-Wigner transformation followed by a Fourier transform that diagonalizes the model in the momentum space of spinless fermions. Although the above procedures are well-known, there remain some subtle points to be clarified regarding the correspondence between the real-space and momentum-space representations of the quantum Ising ring, especially those related to fermion parities. In this work, we establish the relationship between the two fully aligned ferromagnetic states in real space and the two degenerate momentum-space ground states of the classical Ising ring, with the former being a special case of the factorized ground states of the more general XYZ model on the frustration-free hypersurface. Based on this observation, we then provide a Pfaffian formula for calculating real-time dynamics of the parity-breaking longitudinal magnetization with the system initially prepared in one of the two ferromagnetic states and under translationally invariant drivings. The formalism is shown to be applicable to systems with the help of online programs for the numerical computation of the Pfaffian, thus providing an efficient method to numerically study, for example, the emergence of discrete time crystals in related systems.