Measurements of the low energy neutron and gamma ray accompaniment of extensive air showers in the knee region of primary cosmic ray spectrum

TL;DR

This study measures delayed low-energy neutrons and gamma rays accompanying extensive air showers near the cosmic ray spectrum knee, revealing their spatial distribution, dependence on shower size, and potential for probing hadronic interactions.

Contribution

It provides new measurements of delayed neutron and gamma ray fluxes associated with EAS, highlighting their spatial, temporal, and size dependence around the cosmic ray knee region.

Findings

Neutron and gamma ray fluences vary within specific limits near the shower axis.

Signal multiplicity depends on shower size with a sharp increase around the knee energy.

Delayed signals can last tens of milliseconds for neutrons and seconds for gamma rays.

Abstract

Purposeful investigation of radiation fluxes strongly delayed in relation to the main particles front of extensive air shower (EAS) was undertaken at the Tien Shan Mountain Cosmic Ray Station. It was found that the passage of the EAS can be accompanied by the delayed thermal neutrons and by the soft $(30-50)$ keV gamma rays, mostly concentrated within a region of about $(5-10)$ m around shower axis, where the integral radiation fluence can vary in the limits of $(10^{-4}-1)$ cm$^{-2}$ for neutrons, and of $(0.1-1000)$ cm$^{-2}$ for gamma rays. The dependence of signal multiplicity on the shower size $N_e$ has a power shape both for the neutron and gamma ray components, with a sharp increase of its power index around the value of $N_e\approx 10^6$, which corresponds to the position of the $3\cdot10^{15}$ eV knee in the primary cosmic ray spectrum. Total duration of detectable radiation signal after the EAS passage can be of some tens of milliseconds in the case of neutron component, and up to a few whole seconds for gamma rays. The delayed accompaniment of low-energy radiation particles can be an effective probe to study the interaction of the hadronic component of EAS.