Point partition numbers: decomposable and indecomposable critical graphs

TL;DR

This paper investigates the structure of $oldsymbol{oldsymbol{ ext{chi}}_t}$-critical graphs, providing a characterization for graphs with small order relative to their point partition number and establishing minimal edge counts for certain cases.

Contribution

It introduces a structural decomposition of $oldsymbol{ ext{chi}}_t$-critical graphs with small order and determines the minimum number of edges in such graphs when $oldsymbol{t}$ is even.

Findings

Graphs with small order relative to their $oldsymbol{ ext{chi}}_t$ can be constructed from two subgraphs with added edges.

Minimum edges in $oldsymbol{ ext{chi}}_t$-critical graphs are established for specific parameters.

Results generalize known cases for $oldsymbol{t=1}$ to even $oldsymbol{t}$ values.

Abstract

Graphs considered in this paper are finite, undirected and loopless, but we allow multiple edges. The point partition number $\chi_t(G)$ is the least integer $k$ for which $G$ admits a coloring with $k$ colors such that each color class induces a $(t-1)$-degenerate subgraph of $G$. So $\chi_1$ is the chromatic number and $\chi_2$ is the point aboricity. The point partition number $\chi_t$ with $t\geq 1$ was introduced by Lick and White. A graph $G$ is called $\chi_t$-critical if every proper subgraph $H$ of $G$ satisfies $\chi_t(H)<\chi_t(G)$. In this paper we prove that if $G$ is a $\chi_t$-critical graph whose order satisfies $|G|\leq 2\chi_t(G)-2$, then $G$ can be obtained from two non-empty disjoint subgraphs $G_1$ and $G_2$ by adding $t$ edges between any pair $u,v$ of vertices with $u\in V(G_1)$ and $v\in V(G_2)$. Based on this result we establish the minimum number of edges possible in a $\chi_t$-critical graph $G$ of order $n$ and with $\chi_t(G)=k$, provided that $n\leq 2k-1$ and $t$ is even. For $t=1$ the corresponding two results were obtained in 1963 by Tibor Gallai.