Skyrmion Crystal and Phase Transition in Magneto-Ferroelectric Superlattices: Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya Interaction in a Frustrated $J_1-J_2$ Model

TL;DR

This study investigates skyrmion crystal formation and phase transitions in magneto-ferroelectric superlattices, emphasizing the role of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interactions and frustration effects in a $J_1-J_2$ model through simulations.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive model combining magnetic and ferroelectric layers with frustration and DM interactions, analyzing skyrmion formation and phase transitions.

Findings

Skyrmions are stabilized by frustration and DM interactions.

Critical temperature depends on interface coupling and magnetic field.

Phase transition details are characterized via Monte Carlo simulations.

Abstract

The formation of a skyrmion crystal and its phase transition are studied taking into account the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya (DM) interaction at the interface between a ferroelectric layer and a magnetic layer in a superlattice. The frustration is introduced in both magnetic and ferroelectric films. The films have the simple cubic lattice structure. Spins inside magnetic layers are Heisenberg spins interacting with each other via nearest-neighbor (NN) exchange $J^m$ and next-nearest-neighbor (NNN) exchange $J^{2m}$. Polarizations in the ferroelectric layers are assumed to be of Ising type with NN and NNN interactions $J^f$ and $J^{2f}$. At the magnetoelectric interface, a DM interaction $J^{mf}$ between spins and polarizations is supposed. The spin configuration in the ground state is calculated by the steepest descent method. In an applied magnetic field $\mathbf H$ perpendicular to the layers, we show that the formation of skyrmions at the magnetoelectric interface is strongly enhanced by the frustration brought about by the NNN antiferromagnetic interactions $J^{2m}$ and $J^{2f}$. Various physical quantities at finite temperatures are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations. We show the critical temperature, the order parameters of magnetic and ferroelectric layers as functions of the interface DM coupling, the applied magnetic field and $J^{2m}$ and $J^{2f}$. The phase transition to the disordered phase is studied in details.\\ Keywords: kyrmions; phase transition; frustration; superlattice; magneto-ferroelectric coupling; Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction; $J_1-J_2$ model; Monte Carlo simulation.