Molecular gas in distant brightest cluster galaxies

TL;DR

This study investigates the molecular gas content and star formation properties of distant brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs), revealing they have low gas fractions, short depletion times, and often show compact or star-forming substructures, indicating rapid stellar assembly and potential quenching mechanisms.

Contribution

First detailed molecular gas measurements of distant BCGs, showing they have unusually low gas fractions and short depletion times compared to typical cluster galaxies.

Findings

Distant BCGs have the lowest gas fractions among cluster galaxies.

Most BCGs exhibit short molecular gas depletion times (<40 Myr).

A significant fraction of BCGs show compact or star-forming substructures.

Abstract

The stellar mass assembly of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) is still debated. We have observed in CO with the IRAM-30m two star forming BCGs belonging to SpARCS clusters, 3C 244.1 ($z=0.4$) and SDSS J161112.65+550823.5 ($z=0.9$), and compared their molecular gas and star formation properties with those of a compilation of $\sim100$ distant cluster galaxies, including nine additional distant BCGs at ${z\sim0.4-3.5}$. We have set robust upper limits of $M_{{\rm H}_2}<1.0\times10^{10}~M_\odot$ and $<2.8\times10^{10}~M_\odot$ to their molecular gas content, respectively, as well as to the molecular gas to stellar mass ratio $M({\rm H}_2)/M_\star\lesssim0.2$ and depletion time $\tau_{\rm dep}\lesssim40$ Myr of the two targeted BCGs. They are thus among the distant cluster galaxies with the lowest gas fractions and shortest depletion times. The majority, $64\%\pm15\%$ and $73\%\pm18\%$, of the 11 BCGs with observations in CO have lower $M({\rm H}_2)/M_\star$ and $\tau_{\rm dep}$, respectively, than those estimated for main sequence galaxies. Statistical analysis tentatively suggests that the values of $M({\rm H}_2)/M_\star$ and $\tau_{\rm dep}$ for the 11 BCGs deviates, with a significance of $\sim2\sigma$, from those of the comparison sample of cluster galaxies. A morphological analysis for a subsample of seven BCGs with archival HST observations reveals that $71\%\pm17\%$ of the BCGs are compact or show star-forming substructures/components. Our results suggest a scenario where distant star forming BCGs assemble a significant fraction $\sim16\%$ of their stellar mass in the relatively short timescale $\tau_{\rm dep}$, while environmental mechanisms might prevent the replenishment of gas feeding the star formation. We speculate that compact components favor the rapid exhaustion of molecular gas and help to quench the BCGs. Distant star forming BCGs are excellent targets for ALMA and JWST.