Electromechanics of the liquid water vapour interface

TL;DR

This study investigates the electromechanical coupling at the liquid water vapour interface using molecular dynamics, revealing how surface tension responds to electric fields and estimating an effective dielectric constant lower than bulk water.

Contribution

It introduces a combined molecular and continuum model to analyze the coupling between surface tension and dipolar alignment at the water interface.

Findings

Surface tension response to electric fields is quadratic with a shifted maximum.

The effective dielectric constant of the water interface is significantly lower than bulk water.

The model relates surface tension derivatives to electrostatic potentials.

Abstract

Two collective properties distinguishing the thin liquid water vapour interface from the bulk liquid are the anisotropy of the pressure tensor giving rise to surface tension and the orientational alignment of the molecules leading to a finite dipolar surface potential. Both properties can be regarded as capillary phenomena and are likely to be coupled. We have investigated this coupling by determining the response of the tangential component of the surface tension to the application of an electric field normal to the surface using finite field molecular dynamics simulations. We find an upside down parabola with a maximum shifted away from zero field. Comparing the molecular dynamics results to an elementary electromechanical continuum model we relate the zero field derivative of the tangential part of the surface tension to the electrostatic potential generated by the spontaneous dipole alignment. The calculations show that these quantities have similar values but are not and in fact need not be identical. The electromechanical model also allows us to convert the absolute curvature of the quadratic field dependence to an effective dielectric constant of the water interface which is found to be much lower compared to the bulk value as expected.