CVD diamond single crystals with NV centres: a review of material synthesis and technology for quantum sensing applications

TL;DR

This review discusses the synthesis of high-quality diamond crystals with NV centres via CVD, emphasizing material improvements for quantum sensing applications and recent progress towards industrial deployment.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of material synthesis techniques, focusing on controlling impurities, NV density, and orientation for quantum-grade diamond production.

Findings

CVD enables controlled doping of nitrogen into diamond.

Material improvements enhance coherence times and NV properties.

Industrial sensing applications are beginning to emerge.

Abstract

Diamond is a host for a wide variety of colour centres that have demonstrated outstanding optical and spin properties. Among them, the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centre is by far the most investigated owing to its superior characteristics, which promise the development of highly sophisticated quantum devices, in particular for sensing applications. Nevertheless, harnessing the potential of these centres mainly relies on the availability of high quality and purity diamond single crystals that need to be specially designed and engineered for this purpose. The plasma assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) has become a key enabling technology in this field of research. Nitrogen can indeed be directly in-situ doped into a high crystalline quality diamond matrix in a controlled way allowing the production of single isolated centres or ensembles that can potentially be integrated into a device. In this paper we will provide an overview on the requirements for synthesizing quantum-grade diamond films by CVD. These include the reduction of impurities and surrounding spins that limit coherence times, the control of NV density in a wide range of concentrations as well as their spatial localization within the diamond. Enhancing the charge state and preferential orientation of the colour centres is also discussed. These improvements in material fabrication have contributed to position diamond as one of the most promising solid-state quantum system and the first industrial applications in sensing are just starting to emerge.