Modular symmetry origin of texture zeros and quark lepton unification

TL;DR

This paper explores how modular symmetry, specifically the $ ext{T'}$ group, can naturally generate texture zeros in fermion mass matrices, leading to unified models for quark and lepton masses and mixing.

Contribution

It demonstrates the origin of texture zeros from modular forms and constructs unified quark-lepton models with good experimental fits using $ ext{T'}$ symmetry.

Findings

Six possible texture zero structures for quark mass matrices identified.

Five benchmark models fit experimental data well.

Unified description of quark and lepton masses achieved.

Abstract

The even weight modular forms of level $N$ can be arranged into the common irreducible representations of the inhomogeneous finite modular group $\Gamma_N$ and the homogeneous finite modular group $\Gamma'_N$ which is the double covering of $\Gamma_N$, and the odd weight modular forms of level $N$ transform in the new representations of $\Gamma'_N$. We find that the above structure of modular forms can naturally generate texture zeros of the fermion mass matrices if we properly assign the representations and weights of the matter fields under the modular group. We perform a comprehensive analysis for the $\Gamma'_3\cong T'$ modular symmetry. The three generations of left-handed quarks are assumed to transform as a doublet and a singlet of $T'$, we find six possible texture zeros structures of quark mass matrix up to row and column permutations. We present five benchmark quark models which can produce very good fit to the experimental data. These quark models are further extended to include lepton sector, the resulting models can give a unified description of both quark and lepton masses and flavor mixing simultaneously although they contain less number of free parameters than the observables.