On a universal solution to the transport-of-intensity equation

TL;DR

This paper introduces a universal, highly accurate method for solving the transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) that works for arbitrary shapes and intensity distributions, overcoming previous limitations and simplifying implementation.

Contribution

The authors propose a novel universal TIE solver that simplifies the equation to a Poisson problem, ensuring high accuracy, convergence, and applicability to complex scenarios.

Findings

Effective in arbitrary phase and aperture shapes

Handles nonuniform intensity distributions

Validated through simulations and experiments

Abstract

Transport-of-intensity equation (TIE) is one of the most well-known approaches for phase retrieval and quantitative phase imaging. It directly recovers the quantitative phase distribution of an optical field by through-focus intensity measurements in a noninterferometic, deterministic manner. Nevertheless, the accuracy and validity of state-of-the-art TIE solvers depend on restrictive preknowledge or assumptions, including appropriate boundary conditions, a well-defined closed region, and quasi-uniform in-focus intensity distribution, which, however, cannot be strictly satisfied simultaneously under practical experimental conditions. In this Letter, we propose a universal solution to TIE with the advantages of high accuracy, convergence guarantee, applicability to arbitrarily-shaped regions, and simplified implementation and computation. With the "maximum intensity assumption", we firstly simplified TIE as a standard Possion equation to get an initial guess of the solution. Then the initial solution is further refined iteratively by solving the same Possion equation, and thus, the instability associated with the division by zero/small intensity values and large intensity variations can be effectively bypassed. Simulations and experiments with arbitrary phase, arbitrary aperture shapes, and nonuniform intensity distributions verify the effectiveness and universality of the proposed method.