Quantum Simulators: Architectures and Opportunities

TL;DR

Quantum simulators are rapidly advancing quantum devices that leverage entanglement to solve complex scientific and engineering problems, with recent developments promising practical applications and a need for increased investment.

Contribution

This paper reviews the architectures, recent progress, and societal potential of quantum simulators, advocating for a national program to accelerate their development.

Findings

Over 300 quantum simulators are operational worldwide.

Recent physical architectures enable specialized and programmable simulators.

Quantum simulators have potential to impact chemistry, materials science, and computational problems.

Abstract

Quantum simulators are a promising technology on the spectrum of quantum devices from specialized quantum experiments to universal quantum computers. These quantum devices utilize entanglement and many-particle behaviors to explore and solve hard scientific, engineering, and computational problems. Rapid development over the last two decades has produced more than 300 quantum simulators in operation worldwide using a wide variety of experimental platforms. Recent advances in several physical architectures promise a golden age of quantum simulators ranging from highly optimized special purpose simulators to flexible programmable devices. These developments have enabled a convergence of ideas drawn from fundamental physics, computer science, and device engineering. They have strong potential to address problems of societal importance, ranging from understanding vital chemical processes, to enabling the design of new materials with enhanced performance, to solving complex computational problems. It is the position of the community, as represented by participants of the NSF workshop on "Programmable Quantum Simulators," that investment in a national quantum simulator program is a high priority in order to accelerate the progress in this field and to result in the first practical applications of quantum machines. Such a program should address two areas of emphasis: (1) support for creating quantum simulator prototypes usable by the broader scientific community, complementary to the present universal quantum computer effort in industry; and (2) support for fundamental research carried out by a blend of multi-investigator, multi-disciplinary collaborations with resources for quantum simulator software, hardware, and education.