Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies II: Challenges for the s- and i-processes at low metallicity

TL;DR

This study investigates neutron-capture element abundances in stars from the Sculptor dwarf galaxy to understand the roles of s- and i-processes at low metallicity, revealing both processes contributed significantly to element formation.

Contribution

It provides the first combined analysis of s- and i-process contributions to neutron-capture elements in Sculptor, comparing observational data with theoretical models.

Findings

Both s- and i-processes contributed to neutron-capture element buildup.

Observed abundance ratios favor the i-process over the s-process alone.

Identified specific stars with nucleosynthetic signatures matching models.

Abstract

The slow ($s$) and intermediate ($i$) neutron ($n$) capture processes occur both in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, and in massive stars. To study the build-up of the $s$- and $i$-products at low metallicity, we investigate the abundances of Y, Ba, La, Nd, and Eu in 98 stars, at $-2.4<\text{[Fe/H]}<-0.9$, in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. The chemical enrichment from AGB stars becomes apparent at $\text{[Fe/H]}\approx-2$ in Sculptor, and causes [Y/Ba], [La/Ba], [Nd/Ba] and [Eu/Ba] to decrease with metallicity, reaching subsolar values at the highest $\text{[Fe/H]}\approx-1$. To investigate individual nucleosynthetic sites, we compared three $n$-rich Sculptor stars with theoretical yields. One carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP-no) star with high $\text{[Sr, Y, Zr]}>+0.7$ is best fit with a model of a rapidly-rotating massive star, the second (likely CH star) with the $i$-process, while the third has no satisfactory fit. For a more general understanding of the build-up of the heavy elements, we calculate for the first time the cumulative contribution of the $s$- and $i$-processes to the chemical enrichment in Sculptor, and compare with theoretical predictions. By correcting for the $r$-process, we derive $\text{[Y/Ba]}_{s/i}=-0.85\pm0.16$, $\text{[La/Ba]}_{s/i}=-0.49\pm0.17$, and $\text{[Nd/Ba]}_{s/i}=-0.48\pm0.12$, in the overall $s$- and/or $i$-process in Sculptor. These abundance ratios are within the range of those of CEMP stars in the Milky Way, which have either $s$- or $i$-process signatures. The low $\text{[Y/Ba]}_{s/i}$ and $\text{[La/Ba]}_{s/i}$ that we measure in Sculptor are inconsistent with them arising from the $s$-process only, but are more compatible with models of the $i$-process. Thus we conclude that both the $s$- and $i$-processes were important for the build-up of $n$-capture elements in the Sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy.