Validating the Critical Point of Spontaneous Parametric Down-Conversion for over 600 Scanning MEMS Micro Mirrors on Wafer-Level

TL;DR

This study validates the critical amplitude threshold for nonlinear behavior in MEMS micro mirrors caused by spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC), using wafer-level measurements of over 600 devices, enhancing MEMS design accuracy.

Contribution

It provides large-scale validation of SPDC theory in MEMS and introduces modeling strategies for predicting nonlinear behavior based on fabrication-induced resonance conditions.

Findings

Critical amplitude for nonlinear transition depends on resonance conditions.

Validation of SPDC theory with over 600 wafer-level measurements.

Modeling strategies for MEMS nonlinear behavior based on resonance spectrum.

Abstract

Sensors and actuators based on resonant micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), such as scanning micro mirrors, are well-established in automotive and consumer products. As the areas of application broaden, the requirements for the MEMS are increasing. Devices outside of the performance specifications have to be rejected which is costly due to the high processing times of MEMS technologies. In particular, nonlinear system behavior is often found to cause unexpected device failure or performance issues. Thus, accurate simulation or rather system models which account for nonlinear sensor dynamics can not only increase process yield, but more importantly, lead to a comprehensive understanding of the underlying physics and to improved MEMS design. We have studied [1] the possibility of a rather drastic device failure induced by nonlinearities on the example of a resonant scanning MEMS micro mirror. On the level of a few selected chips, we have carefully measured the complex nonlinear system behavior and modeled it by a nonlinear mode-coupling phenomenon known as spontaneous parametric down-conversion (SPDC). The most intriguing feature of SPDC is the sudden change from a rather linear to a nonlinear system behavior at the critical oscillation amplitude. However, the threshold only lies within the range of the mirror's operational amplitude, if certain frequency resonance conditions regarding the mechanical modes are met. Thus, the critical amplitude strongly depends on the frequency spectrum of the MEMS design which in turn is largely influenced by fabrication imperfections. We validate the dependence of the critical amplitude on the resonance condition by measuring it for over 600 micro mirrors on wafer-level. Our work does not only validate the theory of SPDC with measurements on such a large scale, but also demonstrates modeling strategies which are essential for MEMS product design.