Solar Flare Intensity Prediction with Machine Learning Models

TL;DR

This paper introduces a mixed LSTM regression model that predicts the maximum solar flare intensity within specific future time windows using SHARP parameters, providing detailed intensity forecasts rather than simple classifications.

Contribution

The study presents a novel LSTM-based regression approach for precise solar flare intensity prediction, outperforming traditional classification models and identifying optimal prediction timeframes.

Findings

24-hour prediction window yields best results

Regression model provides detailed flare intensity levels

Classification models improve upon regression in accuracy

Abstract

We develop a mixed Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) regression model to predict the maximum solar flare intensity within a 24-hour time window 0$\sim$24, 6$\sim$30, 12$\sim$36 and 24$\sim$48 hours ahead of time using 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours of data (predictors) for each Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) Active Region Patch (HARP). The model makes use of (1) the Space-weather HMI Active Region Patch (SHARP) parameters as predictors and (2) the exact flare intensities instead of class labels recorded in the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) data set, which serves as the source of the response variables. Compared to solar flare classification, the model offers us more detailed information about the exact maximum flux level, i.e. intensity, for each occurrence of a flare. We also consider classification models built on top of the regression model and obtain better results in solar flare classifications. Our results suggest that the most efficient time period for predicting the solar activity is within 24 hours before the prediction time using the SHARP parameters and the LSTM model.