Metal abundances in the MACER simulations of the hot interstellar medium

TL;DR

This paper presents high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations of the hot interstellar medium in early-type galaxies, focusing on metal abundances and their evolution influenced by various stellar and galactic processes.

Contribution

It introduces detailed simulations including multiple chemical species and compares results with observations, highlighting areas needing revised assumptions or additional effects.

Findings

Good agreement with observed abundances in AGN wind regions

Discrepancies in diffuse hot gas suggest missing physics or assumptions

Highlights importance of dust and spectral uncertainties in abundance measurements

Abstract

A hot plasma is the dominant phase of the interstellar medium of early-type galaxies. Its origin can reside in stellar mass losses, residual gas from the formation epoch, and accretion from outside of the galaxies. Its evolution is linked to the dynamical structure of the host galaxy, to the supernova and AGN feedback, and to (late-epoch) star formation, in a way that has yet to be fully understood. Important clues about the origin and evolution of the hot gas come from the abundances of heavy metals, that have been studied with increasing detail with XMM-Newton and Chandra. We present recent high resolution hydrodynamical simulations of the hot gas evolution that include the above processes, and where several chemical species, originating in AGB stars and supernovae of type Ia and II, have also been considered. The high resolution, of few parsecs in the central galactic region, allows us to track the metal enrichment, transportation and dilution throughout the galaxy. The comparison of model results with observed abundances reveals a good agreement for the region enriched by the AGN wind, but also discrepancies for the diffuse hot gas; the latter indicate the need for a revision of standard assumptions, and/or the importance of neglected effects as those due to the dust, and/or residual uncertainties in deriving abundances from the X-ray spectra.