Multiband optical flux density and polarization microvariability study of optically bright blazars

TL;DR

This study monitors optical flux, spectral index, and polarization microvariability in eight bright blazars using small to moderate telescopes, revealing diverse variability patterns and spectral evolution behaviors on intra-night timescales.

Contribution

It provides detailed intra-night variability analysis of bright blazars, including spectral and polarization changes, using multi-site small telescope observations, which is less common in the literature.

Findings

Flux variability duty cycle ~45%

Spectral indices between 0.65 and 1.87, variable in about half the cases

Observed spectral and polarization variability patterns, including anti-correlations and looping behaviors

Abstract

We present the results of flux density, spectral index, and polarization intra-night monitoring studies of a sample of eight optically bright blazars, carried out by employing several small to moderate aperture (0.4\,m to 1.5\,m diameter) telescopes fitted with CCDs and polarimeters located in Europe, India, and Japan. The duty cycle of flux variability for the targets is found to be $\sim 45$ percent, similar to that reported in earlier studies. The computed two-point spectral indices are found to be between 0.65 to 1.87 for our sample, comprised of low- and intermediate frequency peaked blazars, with one exception; they are also found to be statistically variable for about half the instances where `confirmed' variability is detected in flux density. In the analysis of the spectral evolution of the targets on hourly timescale, a counter-clockwise loop (soft-lagging) is noted in the flux-spectral index plane on two occasions, and in one case a clear spectral flattening with the decreasing flux is observed. In our data set, we also observe a variety of flux-polarization degree variability patterns, including instances with a relatively straightforward anti-correlation, correlation, or counter-clockwise looping. These changes are typically reflected in the flux-polarization angle plane: the anti-correlation between the flux and polarization degree is accompanied by an anti-correlation between the polarization angle and flux, while the counter-clockwise flux-PD looping behaviour is accompanied by a clockwise looping in the flux-polarization angle representation. We discuss our findings in the framework of the internal shock scenario for blazar sources.