An asymmetric explosion mechanism may explain the diversity of Si II line widths in Type Ia supernovae

TL;DR

This paper investigates the diversity of Si II line widths in Type Ia supernovae spectra, proposing that asymmetric explosion mechanisms, like WD head-on collisions, can explain observed spectral variations better than symmetric models.

Contribution

It demonstrates that asymmetric collision models can reproduce the observed distribution of Si II line features, highlighting the importance of asymmetry in explaining spectral diversity.

Findings

Collision models cover the observed spectral feature distribution.

Asymmetry leads to a wide range of Si density profiles.

Spectral features correlate with viewing angle and explosion asymmetry.

Abstract

Near maximum brightness, the spectra of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) present typical absorption features of Silicon II observed at roughly 6100A and 5750A. The 2-D distribution of the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEWs) of these features is a useful tool for classifying SNe Ia spectra (Branch plot). Comparing the observed distribution of SNe on the Branch plot to results of simulated explosion models, we find that 1-D models fail to cover most of the distribution. In contrast, we find that TARDIS radiative transfer simulations of the WD head-on collision models along different lines of sight almost fully cover the distribution. We use several simplified approaches to explain this result. We perform order-of-magnitude analysis and model the opacity of the Si lines using LTE and NLTE approximations. Introducing a simple toy model of spectral feature formation, we show that the pEW is a good tracer for the extent of the absorption region in the ejecta. Using radiative transfer simulations of synthetic SNe ejecta, we reproduce the observed Branch plot distribution by varying the luminosity of the SN and the Si density profile of the ejecta. We deduce that the success of the collision model in covering the Branch plot is a result of its asymmetry, which allows for a significant range of Si density profiles along different viewing angles, uncorrelated with a range of $^{56}$Ni yields that cover the observed range of SNe Ia luminosity. We use our results to explain the shape and boundaries of the Branch plot distribution.