Phase-resolved surface plasmon scattering probed by cathodoluminescence holography

TL;DR

This paper introduces Fourier-transform cathodoluminescence holography to measure the phase of surface plasmon scattering at deep-subwavelength resolution, revealing detailed coherent scattering properties of nanostructures.

Contribution

It presents a novel method for phase-resolved surface plasmon scattering measurement using CL holography, enabling detailed analysis of plasmonic fields and their phases.

Findings

Reconstructed phase distributions of scattered plasmons.

Determined relative strength and phase of scattering dipoles.

Confirmed coherent excitation of surface plasmons by electron wavepackets.

Abstract

High-energy (1-100 keV) electrons can coherently couple to plasmonic and dielectric nanostructures creating cathodoluminescence (CL) of which the spectral features reveal details of the material's resonant modes at deep-subwavelength spatial resolution. While CL provides fundamental insight in optical modes, detecting its phase has remained elusive. Here, we introduce Fourier-transform CL holography as a method to determine the far-field phase distribution of scattered plasmonic fields. We record far-field interferences between a transition radiation reference field and surface plasmons scattered from plasmonic nanoholes, nanocubes and helical nano-apertures and reconstruct the angle-resolved phase distributions. From the derived fields we derive the relative strength and phase of induced scattering dipoles. The data show that each electron wavepacket collapses at the sample surface and coherently excites transition radiation and surface plasmon quanta. Fourier-transform CL holography opens up a new world of coherent light scattering and surface wave studies with nanoscale spatial resolution.