Modified instanton sum in QCD and higher-groups

TL;DR

This paper explores a modified $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory with restricted instanton sectors, revealing new higher-form symmetries, anomaly structures, and vacuum phenomena, using semiclassical analysis and large-$N$ techniques.

Contribution

It introduces a consistent formulation of Yang-Mills with restricted instanton numbers, uncovering novel higher-group symmetries and their implications for anomalies and vacuum structure.

Findings

Identification of $ ext{Z}_N$ 1-form and $ ext{Z}_p$ 3-form symmetries.

Discovery of a higher-group structure in 't Hooft anomalies.

Topological susceptibility as an order parameter for 3-form symmetry.

Abstract

We consider the $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills theory, whose topological sectors are restricted to the instanton number with integer multiples of $p$. We can formulate such a quantum field theory maintaining locality and unitarity, and the model contains both $2\pi$-periodic scalar and $3$-form gauge fields. This can be interpreted as coupling a topological theory to Yang-Mills theory, so the local dynamics becomes identical with that of pure Yang-Mills theory. The theory has not only $\mathbb{Z}_N$ $1$-form symmetry but also $\mathbb{Z}_p$ $3$-form symmetry, and we study the global nature of this theory from the recent 't Hooft anomaly matching. The computation of 't Hooft anomaly incorporates an intriguing higher-group structure. We also carefully examine that how such kinematical constraint is realized in the dynamics by using the large-$N$ and also the reliable semiclassics on $\mathbb{R}^3\times S^1$, and we find that the topological susceptibility plays a role of the order parameter for the $\mathbb{Z}_p$ $3$-form symmetry. Introducing a fermion in the fundamental or adjoint representation, we find that the chiral symmetry becomes larger than the usual case by $\mathbb{Z}_p$, and it leads to the extra $p$ vacua by discrete chiral symmetry breaking. No dynamical domain wall can interpolate those extra vacua since such objects must be charged under the $3$-form symmetry in order to match the 't Hooft anomaly.