Universality of the spherical collapse with respect to the matter type : the case of a barotropic fluid with linear equation of state

TL;DR

This study investigates the universality of spherical collapse across different matter types by analyzing black hole formation in a cosmological setting with a barotropic fluid, revealing a universal scaling law for black hole mass near criticality.

Contribution

The paper demonstrates that the critical collapse behavior and black hole mass scaling law are universal across matter types, with the critical exponent independent of the matter's equation of state.

Findings

Existence of a critical equation of state parameter $\,\omega^*$ separating collapse and dilution.

Black hole mass follows a universal power-law scaling near the critical point.

Universality is observed in Minkowski and de Sitter backgrounds, but depends on initial conditions in Einstein-de Sitter universe.

Abstract

We study the spherical collapse of an over-density of a barotropic fluid with linear equation of state in a cosmological background. Fully relativistic simulations are performed by using the Baumgarte-Shibata-Shapiro-Nakamura formalism jointly with the Valencia formulation of the hydrodynamics. This permits us to test the universality of the critical collapse with respect to the matter type by considering the constant equation of state parameter $\omega$ as a control parameter. We exhibit, for a fixed radial profile of the energy-density contrast, the existence of a critical value $\omega^*$ for the equation of state parameter under which the fluctuation collapses to a black hole and above which it is diluting. It is shown numerically that the mass of the formed black hole, for subcritical solutions, obeys a scaling law $M\propto |\omega - \omega^*|^\gamma$ with a critical exponent $\gamma$ independent on the matter type, revealing the universality. This universal scaling law is shown to be verified in the empty Minkoswki and de Sitter space-times. For the full matter Einstein-de Sitter universe, the universality is not observed if conformally flat sub-horizon initial conditions are used. But when super-horizon initial conditions computed from the long-wavelength approximation are used, the universality appears to be true.