Crime in Philadelphia: Bayesian Clustering with Particle Optimization

TL;DR

This paper introduces a Bayesian clustering method with particle optimization to improve crime trend estimation in Philadelphia, accounting for spatial discontinuities and boundaries, leading to more accurate and calibrated forecasts.

Contribution

It presents a novel prior for Bayesian hierarchical models that partitions neighborhoods into clusters, and a new local search ensemble optimization for partition detection, enhancing crime trend analysis.

Findings

Effective in capturing spatial discontinuities in crime data.

Demonstrates improved estimation accuracy on simulated and real data.

Identifies meaningful neighborhood clusters in Philadelphia.

Abstract

Accurate estimation of the change in crime over time is a critical first step towards better understanding of public safety in large urban environments. Bayesian hierarchical modeling is a natural way to study spatial variation in urban crime dynamics at the neighborhood level, since it facilitates principled ``sharing of information'' between spatially adjacent neighborhoods. Typically, however, cities contain many physical and social boundaries that may manifest as spatial discontinuities in crime patterns. In this situation, standard prior choices often yield overly-smooth parameter estimates, which can ultimately produce mis-calibrated forecasts. To prevent potential over-smoothing, we introduce a prior that partitions the set of neighborhoods into several clusters and encourages spatial smoothness within each cluster. In terms of model implementation, conventional stochastic search techniques are computationally prohibitive, as they must traverse a combinatorially vast space of partitions. We introduce an ensemble optimization procedure that simultaneously identifies several high probability partitions by solving one optimization problem using a new local search strategy. We then use the identified partitions to estimate crime trends in Philadelphia between 2006 and 2017. On simulated and real data, our proposed method demonstrates good estimation and partition selection performance.