Cascade disruptions in asteroid clusters

TL;DR

This study investigates asteroid clusters with multiple separation events, proposing a rotational fission model driven by the YORP effect, and compares model predictions with observed cluster properties to understand their formation history.

Contribution

The paper introduces a simple rotational fission model explaining multiple separation events in asteroid clusters, supported by observational data and application to four specific clusters.

Findings

Two clusters' properties match the model well.

One cluster's characteristics suggest it may be a cometary nucleus.

The model cannot fully explain the oldest secondary separation in one cluster.

Abstract

We studied asteroid clusters suggesting a possibility of at least two disruption events in their recent history (< 5 Myr). We searched for new members of known asteroid pairs and clusters and we verified their membership. We found four asteroid clusters, namely the clusters of (11842) Kap'bos, (14627) Emilkowalski, (63440) 2001 MD30 and (157123) 2004 NW5 that show at least two secondary separation events that occurred at significantly different times. We considered a possible formation mechanism for these clusters: The parent of an asteroid cluster was spun up to its critical rotation frequency, underwent a rotation fission and was slowed down by escape of the newly formed secondary/ies. Then the YORP effect spun up the primary again and it reached its critical rotation frequency and underwent another fission. We created a simple model to test whether this scenario is possible for the four clusters. We obtained a good agreement between the model and the cluster properties for the clusters of Kap'bos and (63440). For the cluster of Emilkowalski, the time needed for the primary to reach its critical frequency after the first fission event was predicted to be too long by a factor of several. We suspect, considering also its D type taxonomic classification and the existence of a dust band associated with the cluster, that the asteroid Emilkowalski may actually be a cometary nucleus. For the cluster of (157123), the final rotational frequency of the primary after the last fission event predicted by our model is in a good agreement with the observed rotation frequency of (157123). However, a separation of the older secondary is not possible in our model due to the deficiency of free energy needed for an escape of the large secondary. This could be due to an error in the H value of the secondary or the possibility that we did not find the real primary of this cluster.