The impact of atmospheric dispersion in the performance of high-resolution spectrographs

TL;DR

This paper investigates how atmospheric dispersion affects high-resolution spectrograph performance, quantifying residuals needed for ADC design to ensure minimal impact on radial velocity measurements and flux losses.

Contribution

It provides a quantitative assessment of atmospheric dispersion effects on RV precision and flux, guiding ADC residual requirements in spectrograph design.

Findings

Residual atmospheric dispersion up to 100 mas negligibly affects RV.

Dispersion of 100 mas can cause about 2% flux loss at 380 nm.

ADC residuals requirements depend on atmospheric conditions and instrument specifics.

Abstract

Differential atmospheric dispersion is a wavelength-dependent effect introduced by the atmosphere. It is one of the instrumental errors that can affect the position of the target as perceived on the sky and its flux distribution. This effect will affect the results of astronomical observations if not corrected by an atmospheric dispersion corrector (ADC). In high-resolution spectrographs, in order to reach a radial velocity (RV) precision of 10 cm/s, an ADC is expected to return residuals at only a few tens of milli-arcseconds (mas). In fact, current state-of-the-art spectrographs conservatively require this level of residuals, although no work has been done to quantify the impact of atmospheric dispersion. In this work we test the effect of atmospheric dispersion on astronomical observations in general, and in particular on RV precision degradation and flux losses. Our scientific objective was to quantify the amount of residuals needed to fulfill the requirements set on an ADC during the design phase. We found that up to a dispersion of 100 mas, the effect on the RV is negligible. However, on the flux losses, such a dispersion can create a loss of ~2% at 380 nm, a significant value when efficiency is critical. The requirements set on ADC residuals should take into consideration the atmospheric conditions where the ADC will function, and also all the aspects related with not only the RV precision requirements but also the guiding camera used, the tolerances on the flux loss, and the different melt data of the chosen glasses.