GRB 190114C in the nuclear region of an interacting galaxy -- A detailed host analysis using ALMA, HST and VLT

TL;DR

This study investigates the host galaxy of GRB 190114C using multi-wavelength data, revealing a dense, interacting galaxy environment that may have contributed to the production of its extraordinary very-high-energy emission.

Contribution

It provides a detailed analysis of the host galaxy of GRB 190114C, highlighting the role of galaxy interactions and dense environments in producing high-energy gamma-ray emission.

Findings

Host galaxy is part of an interacting pair with high molecular gas fraction.

GRB occurred in the nuclear region of a star-forming galaxy.

Dense environment possibly contributed to very-high-energy photon production.

Abstract

GRB 190114C is the first GRB for which the detection of very-high energy emission up to the TeV range has been reported. It is still unclear whether environmental properties might have contributed to the production of these very high-energy photons, or if it is solely related to the released GRB emission. The relatively low redshift of the GRB (z=0.425) allows us to study the host galaxy of this event in detail, and to potentially identify idiosyncrasies that could point to progenitor characteristics or environmental properties responsible for such a unique event. We use ultraviolet, optical, infrared and submillimetre imaging and spectroscopy obtained with HST, VLT and ALMA to obtain an extensive dataset on which the analysis of the host galaxy is based. The host system is composed of a close pair of interacting galaxies (Delta v = 50 km s^-1), both of which are well-detected by ALMA in CO(3-2). The GRB occurred within the nuclear region (~170 pc from the centre) of the less massive but more star-forming galaxy of the pair. The host is more massive (log(M/M_odot)=9.3) than average GRB hosts at that redshift and the location of the GRB is rather unique. The enhanced star-formation rate was probably triggered by tidal interactions between the two galaxies. Our ALMA observations indicate that both host galaxy and companion have a high molecular gas fraction, as has been observed before in interacting galaxy pairs. The location of the GRB within the core of an interacting galaxy with an extinguished line-of-sight is indicative of a denser environment than typically observed for GRBs and could have been crucial for the generation of the very-high-energy photons that were observed.