Pinching a glass reveals key properties of its soft spots

TL;DR

This paper demonstrates that by applying a force dipole to a glass, one can independently determine the number and stiffness of its soft spots, revealing new insights into glass properties and their dependence on preparation conditions.

Contribution

It introduces a method to disentangle and measure the number and stiffness of soft spots in glasses through pinching, linking these properties to temperature and size scales.

Findings

Number of soft spots follows a Boltzmann-like law with parent temperature.

Stiffness relates to the characteristic size of soft spots.

Pinching reveals key physical properties of glasses.

Abstract

It is now well established that glasses feature quasilocalized nonphononic excitations --- coined "soft spots"---, which follow a universal $\omega^4$ density of states in the limit of low frequencies $\omega$. All glass-specific properties, such as the dependence on the preparation protocol or composition, are encapsulated in the non-universal prefactor of the universal $\omega^4$ law. The prefactor, however, is a composite quantity that incorporates information both about the number of quasilocalized nonphononic excitations and their characteristic stiffness, in an apparently inseparable manner. We show that by pinching a glass, i.e. by probing its response to force dipoles, one can disentangle and independently extract these two fundamental pieces of physical information. This analysis reveals that the number of quasilocalized nonphononic excitations follows a Boltzmann-like law in terms of the parent temperature from which the glass is quenched. The latter, sometimes termed the fictive (or effective) temperature, plays important roles in non-equilibrium thermodynamic approaches to the relaxation, flow and deformation of glasses. The analysis also shows that the characteristic stiffness of quasilocalized nonphononic excitations can be related to their characteristic size, a long sought-for length scale. These results show that important physical information, which is relevant for various key questions in glass physics, can be obtained through pinching a glass.